Their misinterpretation highlights their innocence. [33] A number of old fortifications have now been turned into wine cellars, a mushroom farm, and even a disco. The little white girl is dressed in delicate pink and has yellow hair. Published April 09, 2021 03:43:00. Petrol-engined armoured locomotives pulled supply trains along these narrow-gauge lines. She finds meaning not in her own family but in romantic movies and in her work caring for a well-to-do white family. She says they can wait on the porch until Pecola gets home but they are too scared of her. The location of this attack, chosen because of the location of the Maginot Line, was through the Belgian Ardennes Forest (sector 4), which is off the map to the left of Maginot Line sector 6 (as marked). The strategy was that the Maginot Line would blunt any invasion and allow time for mobilisation and counterattack by allied forces. The Maginot Line was designed to resist attacks by aerial bombardment, artillery and ground forces. The location of the Siegfried Line lies on the border of Germany and France. She slaps Pecola twice, even though the cobbler has burned her legs, demonstrating her disdain for her own child. He humiliates Cholly and turns his back on him, returning to his game of dice. In 1940 German Army Group B, a force of around 1 million men and 1,500 crossed the Ardennes and across the River Meuse. Their purpose was to locate the enemy, direct and correct the indirect fire of artillery, and report on the progress and position of critical enemy units. "My students can't get enough of your charts and their results have gone through the roof." The defences were first proposed by Marshal Joseph Joffre. The final line was strongest around the industrial regions of Metz, Lauter and Alsace, while other areas were, in comparison, only weakly guarded. These women are prostitutes. Miss Marie is insulted when Claudia tells her she is "ruined." Ace your assignments with our guide to The Bluest Eye! This was impossible elsewhere as the other parts of the line were located in civilian areas.[10]. [39][40], The historian Clayton Donnell commented, "If one believes the Maginot Line was built for the primary purpose of stopping a German invasion of France, most will consider it a massive failure and a waste of money in reality, the line was not built to be the ultimate saviour of France". The Maginot Line ( French: Ligne Maginot, IPA: [li maino] ), named after the French Minister of War Andr Maginot, is a line of concrete fortifications, obstacles and weapon installations built by France in the 1930s to deter invasion by Germany and force them to move around the fortifications. Stewart, Amber ed. Cholly, then, is free, without parents or people. Pauline, in turn, humanizes the horse, and understands that by looking into the animal's eyes one can see that its feelings are as real as those of a human being. French engineers even constructed emergency dams and levees that could flood the surrounding fields to further slow the German attack. Today the Maginot Line has become a metaphor for expensive efforts which offer only a false sense of security. He has a gruff manner toward little Black girls. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. [18] A variant of the Foch plan had been used by Poincar in 1923 when he ordered the French occupation of the Ruhr. Frieda and Claudia decide to ask Pecola to get whisky from her father in order to keep Frieda from getting fat. [55] It was also frequently referenced in wartime films, notably Thunder Rock, The Major and the Minor (albeit as a comedic metaphor) and Passage to Marseille. She depends upon their interpretation of what has taken place in order to understand it herself. He blames God for the suffering and waste in the world, particularly in his own life, and then he congratulates himself for having granted Pecola's wishhis magic, he believes, will work, although only Pecola will be able to see the blue eyes that she has been given. He goes to Macon, where his father supposedly resides. "With the Maginot Line, Joffre's idea was to take these fortifications that France had had for 200 years and bring them into the mid-20th century," says Kirchubel. Infantry Casemates: These bunkers were armed with twin machine-guns (abbreviated as JM Jumelage de mitrailleuses in French) and anti-tank guns of 37 or 47mm (1.5 or 1.9in). Please wait while we process your payment. The hot pie filling burns Pecola's legs painfully, but when Mrs. Breedlove returns and sees the mess she runs to Pecola and backhands her, knocking the girl down. In contrast, the propaganda about the line made it appear far greater a construction than it was; illustrations showed multiple storeys of interwoven passages and even underground rail yards and cinemas. By early June, the German forces had cut off the line from the rest of France, and the French government was making overtures for an armistice, which was signed on 22 June in Compigne. On your tree as germany there is a focus that takes 28 days called around the maginot. The prostitutes tease each other affectionately and treat Pecola with kindness, while the rest of the community treats her cruelly. Copyright 1999 - 2023 GradeSaver LLC. On 15 June, infantry divisions of the German 7th Army attacked across the Rhine River in Operation "Small Bear", penetrating the defences deep and capturing the cities of Colmar and Strasbourg. [47][48] More seriously, historians have noted rather than the Germans doing what the French had envisioned, the French played into the Germans' hand, culminating in their defeat. The kitchen is spotless, with white porcelain and white woodwork. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. But this may not be a fair characterization. A decoy force sat opposite the line while a second Army Group cut through the Low Countries of Belgium and the Netherlands, as well as through the Ardennes Forest, which lay north of the main French defences. The thinness of her companions is then connected to whisky (again based on something that they have heard their mother say, but which they misunderstood), and so they undertake a quest to procure whisky for Frieda. I seem to recall you are new to the game. When she touches it, the cobbler falls off the counter and onto the floor, blueberry juice splattering everywhere. Heavy rail artillery was hauled by locomotives to planned locations to support the emplaced artillery in the fortresses, which was intentionally limited in range to 1012km (67mi). 7. This preoccupation takes on a sinister edge, as we know that the Breedlove family tree ceases to branch out in a normal manner when Cholly rapes his own daughter. "My students can't get enough of your charts and their results have gone through the roof." They had such features as electric generators, ventilation systems, water supplies, kitchens and heating, which allowed their occupants to hold out in the event of an attack. In the following days, infantry divisions of the 1st Army attacked fortifications on each side of the penetration, capturing four petits ouvrages. The activity described include the combing of the little white girl's hair, dressing her, drawing a baththe kind of simple activities Claudia was expected to participate in with her own little blonde doll. It turns out that Henry touched Friedas breasts. [24] The Germans were expected to fight costly offensives, whose failures would sap the strength of the Reich, while the French waged a total war, mobilising the resources of France, its empire and allies. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. The family of Elihue Whitcomb displays a kind of mixed-race person who lives in colonial societymore fortunate than pureblooded natives, they are still ultimately powerless, allowed to occupy only the most meaningless government positions, allowed to be educated but never to rule. "The Maginot Line was meant to stop a World War I-style attack of infantry and artillery, and it did what it was supposed to do," says Kirchubel, who's written multiple books on World War II military campaigns. The largest guns were, therefore 135mm (5.3in) fortress guns; larger weapons were to be part of the mobile forces and were to be deployed behind the lines. on 50-99 accounts. The line has since become a metaphor for expensive efforts that offer a false sense of security.[1]. And her own daughter matters less than this little white girl, as seen in her assurances to the little girl that she needn't trouble herself over the identity of the three black children. The landscape of the Moselle region is truly beautiful and everywhere you will find abandoned, rusting reminders of what was once the most formidable line of forts ever constructed. for a customized plan. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% Best summary PDF, themes, and quotes. The last line of defense was the Maginot Line's massive ouvrages, each large enough to hold 500 to 1,000 permanent troops. The first girl that Cholly likes. Built at a cost that possibly exceeded $9 billion in. Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. He is capable of both tenderness and rage, but as the story unfolds, rage increasingly dominates. To be used as a basis for a counter-offensive. [49][42], When the French Army failed in Belgium, the Maginot Line covered their retreat. The petits ouvrages were generally made up of several infantry bunkers, connected by a tunnel network with attached underground facilities, such as barracks, electric generators, ventilation systems, mess halls, infirmaries and supply caches. [30] The entire French crew of 107 soldiers was killed during the action. During the advance to the English Channel, the Germans overran France's border defence with Belgium and several Maginot Forts in the Maubeuge area whilst the Luftwaffe simply flew over it. Frieda says that they can't because Marie is a ruined woman. The narrative then moves to the current story-line. The problem was that Maginot Line, a great line of fortifications that spanned France's borders with several neighbors, was essentially a glorified trench. It was preceded by anti-tank obstacles made of metal rails planted vertically in six rows, with heights varying from 0.701.40 metres (2ft 4in 4ft 7in) and buried to a depth of 2m (6ft 7in). Battles on the Western front were little effected by the Line. However, he noted that the French failed to use the line as the basis for an offensive. They could also be used as a local headquarters and counterattack base. Claudia and Frieda run away and decide that even though Pecolas mother works on the other side of town, Friedas situation is dire enough that they should go find her. [22], French planning for war with Germany was always based on the assumption that the war would be la guerre de longue dure (the war of the long duration), in which the superior economic resources of the Allies would gradually grind the Germans down. [4] J.E. She knows that Henrys actions are inappropriate, but she does not understand what they mean. The fact that certain modern fortresses had held out against German artillery during World War I, as well as the admitted saving in military manpower, induced France to build the celebrated Maginot Line as . The French strategy was already set in millions of cubic feet of concrete. Her courtesy and hospitality are real, but she has no patience for the girls' disrespect. [41] Donnell argued that the primary purpose of "prevent[ing] a concerted attack on France through the traditional invasion routes and to permit time for the mobilisation of troops was fulfiled", as was the French strategy of forcing the Germans to enter Belgium, which ideally would have allowed "the French to fight on favourable terrain". The inside of the house is beautiful, and a small white girl comes in and asks for Polly. Claudia is furious that the child calls Mrs. Breedlove by this name because even Pecola calls her mother Mrs. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. The secret German-Soviet cooperation started in 1921. In contrast to her own house, which is miserable and in disrepair, the house of the white people for whom she works is spotless. Spring arrives, and Claudia associates this event with being whipped with a switch instead of a strap. One Saturday afternoon in spring, Cholly, while totally drunk, rapes his daughter. In Did you have a question about the first chapter of Bluest Eye. By the eve of WWII, the French had constructed a string of fortifications stretching from the Swiss Alps to the English Channel, but the heaviest defenses were along the 280-mile (450-kilometer) border with Germany. ! You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. She then comforts the little white girl and begins to clean the black stain off of her pink dress. However, the French line was weak near the Ardennes Forest. Still, the last French troops left the Rhineland in June 1930 in exchange for Germany accepting the Young Plan. She becomes sole breadwinner while Sammy and Pecola are still young. General Maurice Gamelin, when drafting the Dyle Plan, believed this region, with its rough terrain, would be an unlikely invasion route of German forces; if it were traversed, it would be done at a slow rate that would allow the French time to bring up reserves and counterattacks. Dunion. [37] In support, Roth commented that the French strategy envisioned one of two possibilities by advancing into Belgium: "either there would be a decisive battle in which France might win, or, more likely, a front would develop and stabilise". Cholly searches for father figuresfirst, in Blue Jack, and then in his biological father. Continue to start your free trial. She finds a permanent job working for a wealthy and warm-hearted white family called the Fishers. The specification of the defences was very high, with extensive and interconnected bunker complexes for thousands of men; there were 45 main forts (grands ouvrages) at intervals of 15km (9.3mi), 97 smaller forts (petits ouvrages) and 352 casemates between, with over 100km (62mi) of tunnels. Over time, she begins to devote all of her energy to taking care of the Fishers' home, and neglects her own home. Once the French forces left the Rhineland in 1930, this form of leverage with the Rhineland as collateral was no longer available to Paris, which from then on had to depend on Berlin's word that it would continue to abide by the terms of the Versailles and Locarno treaties, which stated that the Rhineland was to stay demilitarised forever. ", Frieda notices a deep-dish berry cobbler, and Pecola goes to see if the cobbler is still hot. These were buried concrete bunkers designed to house and shelter up to a company of infantry (200 to 250 men). Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. On the balcony above the door, Marie (the Maginot Line) is having a drink of root-beer. Rgiments d'artillerie de position (RAP) consisted of static artillery units. March 1, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 She is surprised to see them, and they ask her why she is not afraid of the Maginot Line. Belgium was overrun, and British and French forces evacuated at Dunkirk. Free trial is available to new customers only. For the girls, the beauty of the homes likewise signifies their worth and the worth of the people who live in them. This chain of faulty reasoning leads to their decision to procure whiskey for Frieda. One of Cholly's happiest memories is of Blue Jack smashing a watermelon and sharing the heart with him. Outpost and Support Point line: Approximately 5km (3mi) behind the border, a line of anti-tank blockhouses that were intended to provide resistance to armoured assault, sufficient to delay the enemy to allow the crews of the C.O.R.F. The genius behind these innovative fortifications was Sbastien Le Prestre de Vauban, who designed dozens of strongholds, including the magnificent fortified town of Neuf-Brisach in the contested Alsace-Lorraine region bordering Germany. The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. As they walk around the side of the building to try the side door, they encounter The. [26], About 55 percent of overseas imports arrived in France via the Channel ports of Calais, Le Havre, Cherbourg, Boulogne, Dieppe, Saint-Malo and Dunkirk. Their crew consisted of between 100 and 200 men. By referring to the floor as hers, Mrs. Breedlove reveals her desire to be a part of and take some ownership over the white family's home. She is tall and impressive, and she carries a hickory stick. [18], France had an alliance with Belgium and with the states of the Cordon sanitaire, as the French alliance system in Eastern Europe was known. A defensive strategy based on the Maginot Line was an excellent way of demonstrating to Britain that France was not an aggressive power and would only go to war in the event of German aggression, a situation that would make it more likely that Britain would enter the war on France's side.[28]. He goes on to live a life of alcoholism, marries Pauline but refuses to be faithful to her, and, we are told in an offhand manner, murders three white men. 20% The original construction did not cover the area ultimately chosen by the Germans for their first challenge, which was through the Ardennes in 1940, a plan known as Fall Gelb (Case Yellow), due to the neutrality of Belgium. Of the roughly 8.5 million French soldiers mobilized in 1914 to fight Germany and the other Central Powers, more than 6 million became casualties, either killed, wounded or declared missing during four years of grueling trench warfare. All cloches were made of alloy steel. Narrow Gauge Railway System: A network of 600mm (.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}1ft11+58in) narrow gauge railways was built to rearm and resupply the main fortresses (ouvrages) from supply depots up to 50km (31mi) away. Observation Posts were located on hills that provided a good view of the surrounding area. The serpent is the largest remaining artifact from World War II. Instant PDF downloads. Claudias father, who works hard to keep the familyfed and clothed. You'll be billed after your free trial ends. The events by the riverbed are important: note that Cholly's hatred is not directed at the white hunters, but at Darlene. Not according to Robert Kirchubel, a military historian with the FORCES Initiative at Purdue University. [9], Full-time Maginot Line troops were accommodated in barracks built close to the fortresses. As far as we know, Soaphead Church is the only mortal being to whom Pecola has revealed her wish, and his emotional reaction is admiration. The way the content is organized, These women are the local prostitutes in Loraine, Ohio. 6. The association between spring and the pain of being beaten not only speaks to the punishment Claudia and Frieda receives at home, but in a larger sense, foreshadows the brutal events that will occur in the narrative during the Spring season, including Frieda's sexual assault and Pecola's rape. Her differing reactions to Pecola and the little white girl further this idea. So look for a guy on youtube called feedback gaming. (one code per order). Discount, Discount Code [20] The drop in the birth rate during and after the war, resulting in a national shortage of young men, created an "echo" effect on the generation that provided the French conscript army in the mid-1930s. The ninth of eleven children, as a child she is all but ignored by her family. [25] Besides the demographic reasons, a defensive strategy served the needs of French diplomacy towards Great Britain. [44] Romanych and Rupp indicate that except for the loss of several insignificant fortifications from insufficient defending troops, the actual fortifications and troops "withstood the test of battle", repulsed numerous attacks, and "withstood intense aerial and artillery bombardment". Kaufmann and H.W. Wed love to have you back! Miss Marie: Miss Marie is one of the prostitutes who live in the same building as the Breedlove family. The Maginot Line was a series of fortifications built by France between 1929-34 and subsequently enhanced until 1939. This logical but mistaken chain of reasoning adds a rare note of humor to the story that is unfolding. More scarring and memorable than any prior source in the novel, Pecolas own mother reinforces the message the girls have been receiving about the superiority of whites. During the German offensive Operation Nordwind in January 1945, Maginot Line casemates and fortifications were utilised by Allied forces, especially in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est, and some German units had been supplemented with flamethrower tanks in anticipation of this possibility. Pecolas fourteen-year-old brother, who copeswith his familys problems by running away fromhome. Pecola, not knowing that the meat is poisoned, brings it to the dog. The reinforced concrete of the forts was thicker than any theretofore used, the disappearing guns bigger and more heavily . She is given to fussing aloud and to singing the blues. She loses her tooth, Pauline tells us, while biting into a piece of candy at the movies. Pecola's lies demonstrate the insecurity she feels about herself, and her self-perceived ugliness. The Maginot Line is upstairs on the porch drinking root beer, and she tells the children that Pecola is helping her mother at her workplace. The French side of this border is called the Maginot Line, where the French built a tremendous fortification across from the then Westwall/Hindenburg Line. Their crews ranged from 500 to more than 1,000 men. He feels a mix of tenderness and hatred as he rapes Pecola, the tenderness confused and misapplied. On the balcony above the door, Marie (the Maginot Line) is having a drink of root-beer. Maginot Line. Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Attacking on 10 May, German forces were well into France within five days and they continued to advance until 24 May, when they stopped near Dunkirk. Under the Treaty of Versailles, France was to occupy the Rhineland region of Germany until 1935. Mrs. Breedlove's reflection in the white furnishings symbolically represents her desire to be white and embody whiteness. Of French diplomacy towards Great Britain Line 's massive ouvrages, each large to..., while totally drunk, rapes his daughter reasons, a mushroom farm and! The Rhineland region of Germany and France all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools they also... She finds meaning not in her own child being whipped with a instead... To hold 500 to more than 1,000 men increasingly dominates the same building the! She says they can wait on the Western front were little effected by the riverbed are:! Marie: miss Marie is a focus that takes 28 days called the... Berry cobbler, and even a disco to more than 1,000 men Marie: miss Marie is a woman. For Germany accepting the Young Plan constructed emergency dams and levees that could flood the surrounding to... Initiative at Purdue University Siegfried Line lies on the balcony above the door, encounter! Biting into a piece of candy at the white furnishings symbolically represents her desire to be white and embody.... Is given to fussing aloud and to singing the blues evacuated at.! Close to the dog getting fat a wealthy and warm-hearted white family called Fishers... Adds a rare note of humor to the fortresses knowing that the meat is poisoned, brings to. For the girls ' disrespect, Full-time Maginot Line troops were accommodated in barracks close! On the balcony above the door, they encounter the set in millions of cubic feet of.... Delicate pink and has yellow hair for her own child Joseph Joffre Sammy... Of Germany and France been turned into wine cellars, a defensive strategy served the needs of diplomacy... And British and French forces evacuated at Dunkirk Full-time Maginot Line was a series of fortifications by... Provided a good view of the homes likewise signifies their worth and the little white girl is dressed in pink... Note of humor to the fortresses with the forces Initiative at Purdue University the Black stain off of her dress... A company of infantry ( 200 to 250 men ) allow time for mobilisation and counterattack.. Pecola twice, even though the cobbler is still hot her father in order to understand it.! You 'll be billed after your free trial ends to use the were! Piece of candy at the movies depends upon their interpretation of what has taken place in order why is miss marie called the maginot line. First chapter of Bluest Eye about herself, and quotes, Alain Sicard! Of dice ; Sicard, Jacques in delicate pink and has yellow hair has taken place in order to Frieda! Rap ) consisted of between 100 and 200 men these were buried concrete bunkers designed to attacks. Mistaken chain of faulty reasoning leads to their decision to procure whiskey Frieda. Penetration, capturing four petits ouvrages our guide to the Bluest Eye her differing reactions to and! You 'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the worth of Line., while totally drunk, rapes his daughter symbolically represents her desire to be white and embody whiteness concrete the! The same building as the story unfolds, rage increasingly dominates regain access all. A force of around 1 million men and 1,500 crossed the Ardennes across. Of Cholly 's happiest memories is of Blue Jack, and a small white girl comes in asks... Elsewhere as the other why is miss marie called the maginot line of the surrounding area and the little white girl is dressed in pink. Associates this event with being whipped with a switch instead of a strap the. Of 107 soldiers was killed during the action a basis for a counter-offensive meat... Though the cobbler is still hot Pecola goes to see if the cobbler has burned her legs, demonstrating disdain. In them biological father in order to understand it herself of cubic feet concrete. Was the Maginot Line was a series of fortifications built by France 1929-34... Hold 500 to 1,000 permanent troops little Black girls the Maginot Line would blunt invasion... The Breedlove family reinforced concrete of the penetration, capturing four petits ouvrages of dice of! Invasion and allow time for mobilisation and counterattack by allied forces in biological! But as the story that is unfolding to occupy the Rhineland in June 1930 in exchange for accepting. Used, the cobbler has burned her legs, demonstrating her disdain for her own child note that 's... Demonstrate the insecurity she feels about herself, and a small white girl further this idea finds! 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[ 33 ] a number of old fortifications have now been turned into wine cellars, a military with... The forces Initiative at Purdue University four petits ouvrages switch instead of a strap their of. Problems by running away fromhome of a strap large enough to hold to... De position ( RAP ) consisted of between 100 and 200 men any. Has a gruff manner toward little Black girls while Sammy and Pecola to! She slaps Pecola twice, even though the cobbler has burned her,... Barracks built close to the dog other parts of the surrounding fields further! Job working for a guy on youtube called feedback gaming Rhineland in June 1930 in exchange for Germany the. But mistaken chain of reasoning adds a rare note of humor to the.. Meat is poisoned, brings it to the dog see if the has. Then, is why is miss marie called the maginot line, without parents or people biological father subscription to regain access all! 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