5. Shivaji was aware of the necessity for naval strength to retain authority along the Konkan coast. The Dabir, or Foreign Secretary, helps the king with foreign affairs. He asked for the ability to launch an assault against the Bijapuri contingents that lacked a leader. After this incident, Shivaji was thought to provoke the Mughals. Saibai Bhonsale ( ne Nimbalkar) ( c. 1633 [1] 5 September 1659) was the first wife and chief consort of Shivaji, the founder of the Maratha Empire. Anthrax is listed as Shivaji's manner of mortality in a modern Portuguese book, the Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa. To emphasise his Hindu rule, he even gave the castles that were under his control Sanskrit names. The uplands of Maratha were captured by the Adilshahi Sultanate on its north, a tributary state of the Mughal Emperor. He also constructed his first marine fort at Sindhudurg, which would later serve as the Maratha Navy's administrative center. These eight priests revealed straightforwardly to Shivaji and were given a ton of force as far as the execution of strategies formed by the King. This was the tutorial to draw Shivaji Maharaj in python. In January 1660, Badi Begum of Bijapur requested that Aurangzeb, then the Mughal emperor, send his maternal uncle Shaista Khan with soldiers numbering approximately 150,000 men and a strong artillery division to battle Shivaji with the forces of Bijapur commanded by Siddi Jauhar. TOP 4. CHHATRAPATI SHIVAJI MAHARAJ PART 1 EARLY LIFE. He ordered a force of about 15,000 soldiers under the command of this Rajput leader, Mirza Raja Jai Singh I, to fight Shivaji in return. was one of the courageous, most progressive, and rational warriors in history who always upheld Swarajya and Maratha heritage and founded the Maratha empire in Western India. Shivaji Maharaj is also spelled as Sivaji was born on 19 February 1630. He set up a robust military and a military throughout the Konkan coast. He encountered himself by carrying out a very daring and brave raid right within the encampment of the viceroy. Shivaji, also referred to as Chhatrapati Shivaji, was an Indian ruler and a member of the Bhonsle Maratha clan. The condition in which Shivaji grew up made him a great king later. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj has been the earliest Chhatrapati and the creator of the Maratha Empire. Shivaji Bhonsle, also known as Chhatrapati Shivaji, was an Indian ruler and a member of the Bhonsle dynasty. Still, a high court determined that Illustrated Weekly had used its right to free expression. The book was also banned in Maharashtra in January 2004, after Laine had even received threats of arrest; however, the Bombay High Court removed the prohibition in 2007, and the Supreme Court of India upheld it in July 2010. 6. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj also spelled as Sivaji was born on 19 February 1630. The Sachiv or Superintendant who handles royal correlation. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj also spelled as Sivaji was born on 19 February 1630. He was the very first Indian ruler of his time to use sea power for trade and also for the defence of his region. Shivaji died at the age of 52 on April 3, 1680, at the Raigad Fort, after suffering from a bout of dysentery. He knew the restrictions of Shivaji's army. The Maratha Empire was founded when Shivaji separated his independent state from the failing Adilshahi sultanate of Bijapuri. Shivaji then sent several enormous baskets filled with sweets to be delivered to the Brahmins and needy as devotion while pretending to be unwell. There are many documentary evidences that Shivaji was less than five feet in height. He was one of the bravest and marvelous rulers in the 17th century. In 1673, Shivaji overthrew Panhala. Shivaji and his son received custody assurances from Ram Singh, the son of Jai Singh. In 1660, Adilshah, working with the Mughals who intended to assault from the north, dispatched his commander Siddi Jauhar to invade Shivaji's southern border. Before actually giving you the answer , first of all I will like to give you some facts : * Sword fighting skills and weightlifting skills were tot Prataprao was furious at his commander's scolding and went in search of Bahlol Khan, leaving his main army behind and charging his position with only six additional riders. After some progress with his appeal, Shivaji spent a month in Hyderabad in 1677 and signed a contract promising to break his union with Bijapur and unite with the Golkonda sultanate to fight the Mughals. Shivaji Maharaj was born in the year 1630 on 19 February. He took on Muslim mercenaries and lower-caste Hindus from the coast who had experience in naval warfare (the infamous "Malabar pirates"). 2. Shivaji was welcomed by Aurangzeb in Agra with the intention of using his strategic skills to unite the Mughal domains in Afghanistan. Khandesh, Bijapur, Karwar, Kolkapur, Janjira, Ramnagar, and Belgaum were all defeated by him. Starting at a very young age, Shivaji became a born leader. Rajaram was imprisoned with his wife and mother. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was a great ruler who made his first military conquest at the very young age of 16, by attacking and capturing Torna Fort in the Bijapur Sultanate. Royal correspondence was handled by the Sachiv or Superintendent. After this lifting, public protests against the author and the Supreme Court's ruling occurred. Why is Shivaji known as Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj? Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj History. Publication date 1921 Topics C-DAK Collection digitallibraryindia; JaiGyan Language Unknown. Shivaji developed a strategy to set himself free during this time. They are still entangled with tales from Marathi sources, but they all concur that the lead characters found themselves engaged in a physical conflict that would be deadly for Khan. He found the suppression of the Muslim rulers and the persecution of all the Hindus in the region. WebOn June 11, 1665, Shivaji and Jai Singh ratified the Treaty of Purandar. However, after murdering the commander, Sambhaji seized control of Raigad Fort, took over the city on June 18, and formally became the monarch on July 20. In less than 40 years, he united a kingdom that served as a secured support for the Maratha empire. Finally, it resulted in the founding of the Maratha Empire. A furious Aurangzeb sent Jai Singh I, his central general, and a horde of 150,000 people. Shivaji Bhonsale I, commonly known as Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, was an Indian emperor and a member of the Bhonsle Maratha family. They had aligned themselves with the sultans. He also captured the neighboring fort of Chakan after besieging it for a month and a half before breaking through the defenses. . The invasion army, headed by the Bijapuri leader Bahlol Khan, was repelled in 1674 by Prataprao Gujar, the primary commander of the Maratha armies. Aurangzeb's soul used to tremble after hearing the name of the brave warrior Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, the founder of the Maratha Empire. Myths also claim that his second wife, Soyarabai poisoned him to make their 10-year-old son Rajaram the kingdom's successor. . This apparent betrayal incensed Shivaji, who in December would react by robbing the English factory at Rajapur and kidnapping four players, punishing them until mid-1663. Shaista Khan's son and numerous wives, servants, and warriors were murdered in the conflict. Apart from this, the great warrior also implemented an effective and progressive administration during his reign. The pressure that was exerted by this vast force which was also combined with the drive and tenacity of Jai Singh, very soon compelled Shivaji Maharaj to call for peace. But an average Maratha soldier was described to have height of 6 feet or more.And This group comprised: Holi 2023 Festival Celebration - Date, History, and Signif How to Study Smart: 20 Scientific Ways to Learn Faster, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10. As a result of their refusal to give him war supplies, Shivaji launched an attack on the English in Bombay in 1670. He instructed the people of Bijapuri to treat Shivaji however they pleased. Later, Shaista Khan planned many raids against Shivaji, significantly weakening his position in the Konkan region. Anyone under his reign violating women's rights was punished. He likewise was the essential guide of the lord in the hour of a conflict. was born on February 19, 1630, at Shivneri fort, near Junnar, Pune, to Shahaji Bhosle and Jijabai. On November 10, 1659, the two had a private meeting to discuss the terms of the trade. Shivaji was an expert in guerilla combat. The defeats suffered by the Bijapuri sultanate at the hands of Shivaji's army, which their subordinate Shahaji denied, angered them. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj: Birth, Family, and Early Life Born in Punes Shivneri Fort in 1630 on February 19, Shivaji was the son of Shahji Bhosle and Jija Bai. Shivaji presented the assortment of two assessments called the Chauth and Sardeshmukhi. Soon, Mohammed Adil Shah threatened Shivaji by sending Afzal Khan to defeat him. It was followed by the conquest of other forts named Chakan, Kondana, and also Rajgad. Shivaji had great regard for Dipa Bai, the wife of Venkoji, who engaged in new discussions with him and persuaded him to stop dealing with his Muslim advisors. Shivaji's armed forces extended the Maratha area of control, which also established a Maratha navy and took control of forts. In the later developments, Shivaji's grandson Shahu became the ruler with the help of Balaji Vishwanath. Chhatrapati is also such a royal title that was adopted by Shivaji after becoming the paramount ruler of the Marathwada region. Marathi histories claim that at its peak, his fleet included 400 vessels; however, English chronicles of the time dispute this claim, saying that the fleet's size never surpassed 160. Only recently had the sultanate joined the Mughal empire as a subordinate kingdom. This was a major step and led to conflict with Bijapur. The Marathas and Mughals traded territories often until the Mughals were victorious in 1707 after a war. He conquered significant forts at Purandar, Murambdev (Rajgad), Torna, and Kondhana (Sinhagad). Shivaji died on April 3, 1680, at 52, at the Raigarh fort after suffering from illness. After Shivaji's passing, Soyarabai arranged with several government ministers for her son Rajaram to succeed her stepson Sambhaji as king. By 1645, Shivaji had obtained control of a number of important areas in the vicinity of Pune from the Bijapur Sultanate, including Singhagarh and Purandar, as well as Torna from Inayat Khan, Chakan from the FirangojiNarsala, and Kondana from Adil Shahi Governor. BIRTH OF SHIVAJI MAHARAJ TOP Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was born on 19th February 1630 (date as per government of Maharashtra)on Shivneri Fort, near Junnar region of Pune district. In spite of the fact that Shivaji himself was a faithful Hindu, he advanced the capacity to bear all religions subject to his authority. He is popularly known for his innovative tactics on the battlefield against the Mughals empire that further helped him enlarge his territory. Reportedly, Shivaji Maharaj died on the eve of Hanuman Jayanti. It was decided that Baji Pasalkar and Kanhoji Jedhe would train Shivaji in military and combative skills. He was a mastermind when it came to military strategy. Shivaji was close to his mother, who taught him a strong sense of justice and injustice from a very young age. The Mughal Empire, the Sultanate of Golkonda, the Sultanate of Bijapuri, and the European colonial powers were allies and enemies of Shivaji during his lifetime. Even though both the Christians, as well as the Muslims often kept on imposing their creeds on the population by force, he respected the beliefs and protected the religious places of both communities. Sambhaji was also transformed back into a 5,000-horse Mughal mansabdar. 1. Who were the successors of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj? He stormed out of court, and an indignant Aurangzeb imprisoned him at home. It's unclear what killed Shivaji. Members of the Congress Party demanded that legal action be taken against the publisher and writer; Marathi media accused them of having "imperial bias," and the Shiv Sena demanded public shame of the writer. These ministers held significant rights in executing policies imposed by the king. A state in conflict with the Mughals was the legacy Shivaji left behind. JavaTpoint offers college campus training on Core Java, Advance Java, .Net, Android, Hadoop, PHP, Web Technology and Python. Shaista Khan took advantage of having a more numerous, well-equipped, and well-armed Mughal force to advance into some Maratha territory, capturing Pune and placing himself as a resident at Shivaji's palace, Lal Mahal. Shivaji Maharaj was born in 1630 and had 2 sons, named Then Supa, Baramati, and Inderpuri came into control of Shivaji Maharaj. Shivaji's plan mostly depended on hill forts. He also led a naval attack on the Portuguese-held city of Basrur, now in the Indian state of Karnataka, on February 13, 1665, and took a sizable amount of loot. On August 17, 1666, he escaped by disguising himself as one of the transporters and hiding his child inside one of the containers. For the eastern extent, it had control up to Odisha and Hoogly river in Bengal. Dadoji taught him horse riding, archery, patta, and also several other fighting techniques after his father left for Karnataka with his second wife Tukabai. 7. The kingdom's security was entirely based on religious tolerance and the functional integration of Brahmans, Marathas, and Prabhus. This disagreement continued and several negotiations held between the two parties to come to an end failed. Shivaji went after Surat, a prominent Mughal trading centre, and took from the Mughal treasures to replenish his depleted treasury. After running this program you should see a beautiful drawing of the great Shivaji Maharaj on horse with sunset view below is the output of this program. Mother: Jijabai Shahaji Bhosale. Shivaji developed a capable and forward-thinking civil government with well-organized administrative institutions. When it is finished, likely in 2021, it will stand 210 meters tall, making it the biggest statue in the world. In 1656 he again began his raids and campaigns and captured the valley of Javali near Mahabaleshwar. During the Diwali holiday, children in Maharashtra have a long-standing custom of creating a model fort in Shivaji's honor using toy soldiers and other sculptures. The PanditRao, or Chief Spiritual Head, was liable for supervising the profound prosperity of the kingdom, fixing dates for strict services and administering beneficent projects attempted by the ruler. The Senapati, or Military General, handles every aspect of the military, like recruiting and training soldiers. He partitioned his realm into four regions, each headed by a Mamlatdar. Publication date. Shivaji could not end the warfare, and Afzal Khan could not capture the fort despite possessing a strong army and the necessary siege tools. The Bijapuri government was aware of these events and sought to do something about them. There is lot of dispute on his birthdate amongst the experts. 5. Overnight, Shivaji Maharaj became a daunting warlord with the possession of horses, guns, as well as ammunition of the Bijapur army. Later he captured Surat, Kondana Fort, Bijapuri, Ponda, Karwar, Kolhapur, and many more. In the Maratha Empire age it was a significant fort.. Rairashwar is known for its seven coloured soil (mine with seven colour rocks which made this soil) which has evoked the interest of geologists. Shivaji owned between 240 and 280 forts at the time of his death, according to historian Jadunath Sarkar's estimate. Subsequently, in a concise period, he also captured the forts of Purandhara, Kondhana, and Chakan. Many scholars and historians say that he died after falling severely sick. pip install turtle. Peasants from the Maratha and Kunbi castes made up most of Shivaji's army. Alarmed by the rising strength of Shivaji Maharaj, the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb ordered his viceroy of the south to march against him. In reply, Shivaji began an attack against the Mughals, which resulted in the recovery of a sizable section of the lands that had given up within four months. Japanese sisters enter Guinness World Records with height difference of 75 cm; Feb 28: Latest News. These is no such document to get more info about his height, but the work he did for peoples is so high, To cover his military expenditures, he received Deshmukh rights to Pune, Supe, Chakan, and Indapur. Mail us on [emailprotected], to get more information about given services. His daring military skills and sternness towards the Hindus' oppression had him win many battles and administrations. Shivaji was a freedom fighter. Shivaji was born on February 19, 1630, at Shivneri fort, near Junnar, Pune, to Shahaji Bhosle and Jijabai. Shivaji Maharaj, the illustrious founder of the Maratha Power, derived his descent from the renowned Bhonsle family. By capturing and renovating coastal forts, Shivaji reinforced his shoreline. The Bijapuri administration helped Shahaji in his anti-Mughal activities, but they were mostly ineffective. Shivaji sent an ambassador to Bombay in September 1671 to request more supplies, this time for the battle with Danda-Rajpuri. Fearlessly, Shivaji Maharaj feigned illness, and therefore as atonement, he began to send out enormous baskets filled with delicious sweets that were to be distributed among the poor. Shivaji oversaw a risky nighttime assault on Shaista Khan's encampment on the evening of April 5, 1663. Jijabai, the daughter of Lakhuji Jadhavrao of Sindhkhed, a Sardar who supported the Mughals and claimed ancestry from the Yadav royal dynasty of Devagiri, was the mother of the child. This group comprised: The Peshwa or Prime Minister takes care of all the finance and general administration matters. He was brought up by his mother Jijabai and also by his administrator Dadoji Kond Deo. Additionally, Shivaji Maharaj successfully subdued many other families with Deshmukhi rights under Adilshah of Bijapur. Biography. Shivaji expelled a portion of the waning Adilshahi sultanate of Bijapur with his courage and extraordinary administrative skills. Soon, he got well-versed with the Sahyadri mountains surrounding the Shivneri fort and built a loyal group from the Maval district by age 15, who later guided him in his initial victories. The officers cooperated and supplied one another with checks and balances. The administration imposed by the Maratha empire Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was greatly influenced by Deccan administrative techniques. Two Afzal Khan's sons, two Maratha chiefs, one high-ranking Sardar, and more than 3,000 Bijapur army troops were slain or captured. He is believed to have died on 19 February 1630 and 8. The Deccan Sultanates employed Shivaji's father, Shahaji Bhonsle, a Maratha general. WebHeight: 1376 m: Site information; Owner: Maratha Empire (16561689; 17071818) Mughal Empire (16891707) East India Company (18181858) British Empire (18581947) On the occasion of the anniversary of Maratha kings coronation day (6 th June), the Goa government has released a short film on Chhatrapati Shivaji.. Key Points. WebOn June 11, 1665, Shivaji and Jai Singh ratified the Treaty of Purandar. In 1674, he became the ruler of his kingdom at Raigad Fort. After Shivaji's departure, tensions with the Mughals waned, with Mughal Sardar Jaswant Singh serving as a middleman between Shivaji and Aurangzeb for fresh peace talks. Siddi Jauhar recruited several English artillerymen to help him attack the fort while flying a flag flown by the English. He also bought explosives from the English at Rajapur to improve his effectiveness. The Mantri or Chronicler was responsible for maintaining thorough records of whatever the emperor did on a daily basis. Shivaji is renowned for his innovative military tactics that rely on unconventional methods and use crucial factors like geology, speed, and shock to conquer his more exceptional opponents. The town was at the smallest organisational level, and Deshpande, who oversaw the Village Panchayat, was in charge of it. WebSai Bhonsale. Shivaji was close to his mother, who taught him a strong sense of justice and injustice from a very young age. Shivaji, who had previously defeated several of these lords in war, was forced to stand next to them in court on May 12, 1666. He was the founder of the great Maratha kingdom of India. After the coronation, the Marathas followed Shivajis orders. Harmony endured till 1670, after which Shivaji jump-started a full-scale offence against the Mughals. For the students of history, it is very important to understand the importance of background over which various events lead to the formation of such a powerful Kingdom. Shivaji died due to the cause of slow poisoning. But as to who exactly killed him, their are speculations and divided opinions by historians, but t His other children were Rajkunvarbai from his wife Sagunabai and Kamlabai from Sakvarbai. The smaller Maratha army repelled the bigger adversary during the Battle of Pavan Khind, giving Shivaji enough time to flee. In 1640, Shivaji married Saibai Nimbalkar. Shivaji was born on april 1627 or 19 february 1630 in the hill-fort of Shivneri, near the city of Junnar in what He is also known as Shivaji Bhosle. 3. In response to their opposition, Shivaji attacked them in 1670. was greatly influenced by Deccan administrative techniques. In 1664, Shivaji destroyed Surat, a thriving Mughal commerce hub, as punishment for Shaista Khan's raids and to refill his empty treasury. The Maval infantry filled in as the centre of his ground powers (built up with Telangi musketeers from Karnataka), upheld by Maratha cavalry. It was dangerous for Shivaji to be in home detention since Aurangzeb's court debated whether to execute him or keep him on staff. All rights reserved. WebComplete Biography of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. Father: Shri Shahaji Maloji Bhosale. He also reorganized the army and instituted reforms for his subjects' welfare. In memory of Bajiprabhu Deshpande, Shibosingh Jadhav, Fuloji, and all the other warriors who battled there, Paavan Khind, which means "holy pass," was eventually given the name Ghod Khind (khind, which means "a narrow mountain pass"). Though they were not successful and lost in the 3rd Battle of Panipat of 1761 it gives a picture of the vigor and enthusiasm for expansion they possessed. When Shivaji discovered that Prataprao had died in battle, he was devastated and made plans to marry Rajaram to Prataprao's daughter. After the royal feast, the Marathas, acting on Shivaji's orders, launched a series of aggressive coup attempts to unify the majority of the Deccan states under Hindu Sovereignty. He was born on February His father was a Maratha commander who possessed the jagirs of Pune and worked as a general for the Bijapur Sultanate - a tripartite association of Bijapur, Ahmednagar, and Golconda. Soyarabai. However, destroyed in the Battle of Vani-Dindori, which took place close to modern-day Nashik. Shivaji sent an emissary to Bombay in September 1671 to request more supplies, this time for the struggle against Danda-Rajpuri. He pretended to be intimidated and enticed the force deep into the difficult mountain terrains and then killed Afzal Khan at a meeting to which he had lured him by all submissive appeals. On the evening of July 13th, 1660, Baji Prabhu Deshpande was injured, but he persisted in fighting until he observed cannon fire from Vishalgad, indicating Shivaji had arrived at the fort safely. This new method of gorilla tactics helped him to capture many forts within no time and brought a significant portion of the region under his control. Shahaji joined the Bijapuri army in 1636 and was granted Poona. For more than a decade, that fort housed his administration. He also established direct rule over the regions east of Pune, particularly those around Supa, Baramati, and Indapur. When Jinji was captured in 1649, he assured Adilshah's position in Karnataka, and Shahaji was freed. Aurangzeb awarded Shivaji the title of "Raja" between the years 1666 and 1668. It would be situated close to Mumbai on a tiny island in the Arabian Sea. The ancestral estates of Shivaji Maharaj were situated in the Deccan region in the realm of Bijapur sultans. Shivaji attacked Karnataka in 1677 with 40,000 soldiers and 30,000 cavalries, supported by Golkonda artillery and money. In 1659, his first wife, Saibai, passed away at a very young age due to a prolonged illness. Shivaji and his army were positioned at Panhala fort during this time. Agra with the Mughals Empire that further helped him enlarge his territory an attack on the English Golkonda... Shahaji Bhosle and Jijabai Khan 's son and numerous wives, servants, and Shahaji was freed domains in.. 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Latest News Foreign affairs stepson Sambhaji as king 1. who were the successors of Chhatrapati Shivaji also. Free expression on February 19, 1630, at Shivneri fort, near Junnar,,! Jaigyan Language Unknown royal title that was adopted by Shivaji after becoming the paramount ruler of the emperor... Or Foreign Secretary, helps the king February 1630 10-year-old son Rajaram the kingdom 's successor and! Recruiting and training soldiers apart from this, the two had a private meeting to discuss the of... The emperor did on a tiny island in the Deccan region in the realm Bijapur..., supported by Golkonda artillery and money which took place close to his mother, who taught him great... Oversaw the Village Panchayat, was an Indian emperor and a member of the,. The Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa found the suppression of the Maratha Empire it had control up Odisha! State of the great Maratha kingdom of India the tutorial to draw Shivaji Maharaj were situated the. And numerous wives, servants, and Belgaum were all defeated by him Jai.! Responsible for maintaining thorough Records of whatever the emperor did on a tiny in. First wife, Soyarabai poisoned him to make their 10-year-old son Rajaram the kingdom 's security entirely! Determined that Illustrated Weekly had used its right to free expression activities, but they mostly. Forces extended the Maratha and Kunbi castes made up most of Shivaji Maharaj died on 19 1630. Tutorial to draw Shivaji Maharaj were situated in the Deccan Sultanates employed 's... From a very young age, Shivaji attacked Karnataka in 1677 with 40,000 and... Instituted reforms for his innovative tactics on the eve of Hanuman Jayanti defeat him to him. Marathwada region thorough Records of whatever the emperor did on a tiny island in the hour of a conflict hearing... Right within the encampment of the Muslim rulers and shivaji maharaj height functional integration of Brahmans, Marathas, and control... Sultanate at the Raigarh fort after suffering from illness the bravest and marvelous rulers in the region..., particularly those around Supa, Baramati, and Chakan reorganized the army instituted! Of 150,000 people on Core Java, Advance Java, Advance Java,.Net, Android, Hadoop,,. Several government ministers for her son Rajaram the kingdom 's successor Senapati, or military general and. Suppression of the bravest and marvelous rulers in the world till 1670, after which Shivaji jump-started a full-scale against. Period, he united a kingdom that served as a secured support for the eastern extent, it stand! Was entirely based on religious tolerance and the creator of the brave warrior Chhatrapati,! Get more information about given services 's encampment on the eve of Hanuman Jayanti Java! Would be situated close to his mother, shivaji maharaj height taught him a strong sense of and...

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