It has become increasingly common in recent years to hear that a relief pitcher's ERA is unnaturally low, by about 50 points or a full run. Here's the problem with actually voting for a pitcher over a position player: Teams keep asking . Because they tend to face fewer batters, they also tend to give up fewer runs. Note: this article specifically discusses a good ERA for relief pitchers. He sat at 100mph with his cutter last year, and that pitch had a 75% ground ball rate. Aroldis Chapman checks in at number eight, and you could make an argument for the best in baseball, or you could argue he shouldnt make this list. One of the most basic drills players learn in baseball and softball is the soft toss drill, also known as the side toss drill. Sabathia, New York Yankees lefthander: "I guess it would have to be ERA, keeping runs off the board. For example comparing the ERA of a pitcher from the dead ball era with a pitcher from the 20's 30's 90's and 2000's, or the win total for that matter. Once a starting pitcher is out, the relief pitcher is used to fill the gaps in an inning. For relief pitchers, Saves (S), Earned Run Average (ERA), Strikeouts (K's) and Walks + Hits + Innings Pitched (WHIP) are the statistics that are most-used. [31] "Even if you know the odds, it's more comfortable being wrong when you go to the closer", said Beane. Below are the Relief Pitchers ranked #51-75 by our industry experts. [19] Tango et al. So I turned to Baseball-Reference.com to find some stats for starting pitchers, which I put together in the table below. Learn more about the 4 pros and 4 cons of using ERA as a statistic. These rankings are not a measure of performance since 2019; we are projecting the 10 best at each position for 2022. Justin Mason's Ultimate Fantasy Baseball Draft Strategy: The CLabadini, High-Stakes Leagues Draft Strategy: Starting Pitchers (2023 Fantasy Baseball), Fantasy Baseball Mock Draft: 10-Team, Early Pick (2023), RP-Eligible Starting Pitchers to Draft (2023 Fantasy Baseball), Fantasy Baseball Draft Strategy: Selecting Pitchers Early (2023), RP-Eligible Starting Pitchers (2023 Fantasy Baseball), No, I'm a California resident looking for the California Consumer Privacy Act form. Heres how: 1) Add up all of a pitchers runs allowed; 2) Subtract from that total any runs he scored himself; 3) Divide that number by his total number of innings pitched; 4) Finally, multiply that number by nine. [19] For their careers, Sutter and Gossage had more saves of at least two innings than saves where they pitched one inning or less. Hunter Brown, SP, HOU Jake Ciely. This site also participates in other affiliate programs and is compensated for referring traffic and business to these companies. An average #1 reliever's winning percentage has always been over .600, and the variations in that would not appear to be significant. An ERA between 4.00 and 5.00 is average; the majority of pitchers have an ERA in this range. Since 2020, hes third in saves and second in K/9, and he doesnt really walk anyone. The way he mixes them makes him elite; Fastball 40% of the time, Slider 36%, Curveball 24%. In 34 appearances that lasted 30.2 innings, he had a 2.35 ERA, 3.00 SIERA, 1.24 WHIP, 12.6 BB%, 33.9 K%, 33.6 CSW%, three wins and nine holds. Closers will generally find their names higher on the list, but a few players made the cut without closer experience. Do what we did", said Gossage. Hicks experience is still a plus in case the Cardinals need a spot save or Helsely and Gallegos suffer injuries. Sadly, hes behind at least Ryan Helsley and Giovanny Gallegos for saves. All Rights Reserved. Are relief pitchers worse than starters? Because it is better for pitchers to have a lower number for their ERA, this means that any pitchers who have an ERA less than 4.12 are considered to be doing better than the average. Thus, a relief pitcher is necessary. From answering specific questions to teaching people how to improve their baseball skills, Baseball Training World provides helpful information to teach individuals to be the best baseball player they can be. In that sense, the ERA is still the king of pitcher stats. Baseball Training World was created as an online solution to peoples baseball needs. But quite often you hear how teams want to get the starting pitcher out of the game so they can hit off of the relief pitcher. [42] Rivera was elected in 2019 and was the first player in MLB history to be elected unanimously by the Baseball Writers' Association of America, appearing on all 425 ballots. However, despite being used for decades as one of several statistical indicators of pitcher performance, ERA has some major limitations. [30] Former manager Jim Fregosi said managers do not like to be second-guessed. We may with very little fear of contradiction say that a relief pitcher's ERA should be adjusted upward by .20 for accurate comparison to the ERA's of starting pitchers. Ruffing, a member of six World Champion team with the Yankees, also was a decent hitter . Its also an important statistic to help predict how well he will do in the future. Matt Bush (SP/RP MIL): 630.0 ADP & 461.3 ECR. You get the picture. . (720) 218-0737, 2023 Baseball Training World - All Rights Reserved, link to Step-By-Step Guide To Putting on A Lizard Skin Bat Grip, link to How to Throw the Perfect Soft Toss Every Time, A Beginners Guide to Baseballs ERA Statistic, pitching data found on Baseball-Reference.com, what is a good ERA for a starting pitcher. The ERA is expressed in a number that expresses how many earned runs a pitcher averages over the course of 9 innings. His career 2.83 ERA still ranks as the 18 th best ERA in the history of Major League Baseball for a relief pitcher; tied with Bruce Sutter. Subscribe: Apple Podcasts | Spotify | Google Podcasts | Stitcher | SoundCloud | iHeartRadio. That 98 mph sinker jumps on you like few pitches in baseball. Our fourth-best reliever just signed an extension to be the Angels closer for the next four years, and man, did he earn some money. Josh Shepardson is a featured writer at FantasyPros. For example: If a relief pitcher has allowed six earned runs over five innings pitched while also allowing three unearned runs and scoring one himself, his ERA would be calculated as follows: 6 + 3 1 = 10 5 = 2 x 9 = 18 5 = 3.6 (rounded to nearest tenth). However, there are some flaws to consider. So if a pitcher pitched a complete game of 9 innings pitched and only gave up 2 earned runs, his ERA for the game would be: 9 x 2= 18/9= 2.00 ERA. What is a good ERA for a relief pitcher? There are plenty of other statistics that can be used to determine whether or not a relief pitcher is better than a starting pitcher, but if were only looking at ERA, then relief pitchers tend to do better on average when it comes to professional baseball. Both of those offerings keep hitters guessing, and they rarely guess right. In baseball, a closing pitcher, more frequently referred to as a closer (abbreviated CL), is a relief pitcher who specializes in getting the final outs in a close game when his team is leading. The Los Angeles Dodgers signed former St. Louis Cardinals' relief pitcher Alex Reyes toward the end of the MLB offseason. It is the most telling stat that reflects how good a pitcher is at what hes supposed to do--limit opposing teams to as few runs as possible. In the COVID-shortened season, he allowed just two earned runs in 14.2 IP. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. The Relief Pitcher's ERA Advantage. A 3.00 FIP or ERA at Coors Field is much more impressive than one at Petco Park. GP: Games played IP: Innings pitched W-L: Wins-Losses ERA: Earned run average SV: Saves BS: Blown saves SV%: Save percentage K/BB: Strikeout to walk ratio K/9 . The goal is simpleto not allow any of your opponents runs that were unearned. [25] In The Book: Playing the Percentages in Baseball, Tom Tango et al. Clase is a video game character. Though saves were not an official statistic until 1969, Elliot was retroactively credited with six saves that season, a record at that time. Two rough years in 2019 (5.70 ERA) and 2020 (3.4 K-BB%) made it seem like Familia was ready to fade into obscurity. He also essentially scrapped his cutter and curve and threw his fastball 48.1% of the time and his changeup at a 49.3% clip. The data derived is quite consistent in suggesting an ERA advantage to the relief pitcher in the range of .15 to .25. [6], New York Giants manager John McGraw in 1905 was one of the first to use a relief pitcher to save games. If youre below 4.00, youre OK. Over 4.00 and youre in iffy territory. Earned Run Average, or ERA, is a statistic that is used to evaluate the number of earned runs that a pitcher, on average, allows per nine innings pitched. When you scan the list of all Cy Young winners, you can easily see that, on average, the best pitchers in the league have an ERA between 1.50 and 3.00. [21] The game evolved to where the best reliever was reserved for games where the team had a lead of three runs or less in the ninth inning. He replicated that performance in 2021 with an ERA under two and a WHIP under one and 2021 was a different arsenal for Treinen than 2018. If any of these negatively impact the game, it can make a pitcher look worse than his or her natural skills suggest. For starters in modern times, Bob Gibson leads the way with a 1.12 ERA in 1968. Dennis Eckersley was a starter-turned-reliever. In 54.1 innings in relief in 2022, he had a 3.31 ERA, 2.72 SIERA, 1.01 WHIP, 7.2 BB%, 30.5 K%, 33.7 CSW%, 18 holds and three saves. and an eye-popping 62 strikeouts in 39 innings in 2022, good for a 38.8 K%. (12/7) . It was so much fun to watch it click for him in 2021. In 2021, he bettered that. BaseballTrainingWorld.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. ERA calculation is pretty simple. The formula for ERA is ER / IP = ERA where ER stands for earned runs and IP represents innings pitched. It has become increasingly common in recent years to hear that a relief pitcher's ERA is unnaturally low, by about 50 points or a full run. I'm the owner of Baseball Training World. A closer might be expected to have a lower ERA, but for the most part, an ERA of 3.00 is getting it done. Williams has been one of the most dominant relievers in MLB in the previous three years. Thus the data listed for cell GW is not identical to the content of that cell alone. Evaluating the performance of pitchers in baseball has often been the subject of much debate. 3 of these runs are not against the pitcher who just came in . If a reliever allows three runs over two innings, he would have an ERA of 3/2 = 1.5 which means he has given up one-and-one-half earned runs per inning. giving up more home runs per inning pitched. The Angels added Estevez, who has a 3.51 career ERA away from Coors, as relief depth, but he looks like the most logical choice to inherit the ninth inning for them. A relief pitcher undoubtedly has an ERA advantage over a starting pitcher, created by the fact that he often begins his work with one or two men out in the inning. The way I look at it, innings pitched are big, too, pitching deep into games and giving your team a chance to win. However, the righty was sharp in the bullpen last season. Estevez has practically been confirmed as the closer in Los Angeles. Pressly is the best reliever on this list that the average baseball fan might not necessarily be familiar with. If the question is what is a good ERA, it should be answered with several facts. Thus, a lower ERA is better. Whenever youre watching a professional baseball game and you see a pitcher warming up for the first time, they almost always show the stats for the pitcher. "[2] Baseball teams often copy one another, following a strategy based on one team's success. Still, Hicks is a useful player in holds and holds-plus-saves leagues. He halved his career walk rate. Unfortunately, this simple calculation does not take some different factors into account: the field played in, the weather, and the defensive abilities of the team a pitcher is on. Learn more about what is a good ERA for a closer. In addition, poor defense behind a pitcher can raise his ERA. If he averaged 4-and-a-half runs per 9 innings pitched, his ERA would be 4.50. If he were anywhere else besides Milwaukee, hed be one of the best closers in baseball, but instead, hes the best eighth-inning guy in the game. However, hes walked over 12.4% of the hitters hes faced since 2021. If three pitchers pitch one inning, with each pitcher giving up two walks and then getting an out, the first (starting) pitcher will be charged with two runs, the second with one run, the third with none. Why LA Angels pitcher Jaime Barria should be the sixth starter. (Jim Palmer/Bruce Sutter/Trevor Hoffman/Rollie Fingers/Felix Hernandez). The elaboration shows the relation of ERA with the Earned runs. He has six seasons with an ERA below two, but 2019 and 2020 were terrible. Get the MLB schedule, scores, standings, rumors, fantasy games and more on NBCSports.com. contributing to the control of your ratios in ERA and WHIP. Jonah Keri suggested "fear of using pitchers in anything but the most predictable circumstances, or simple inertia, closers get used far more often in easy-to-manage, up-two, bases-empty, ninth-inning situations than they do in tie games with runners on and the game actually on the line" and said of Papelbon "unless the Phillies start using him in situations where hes actually needed, rather than almost exclusively in spots that nearly any pitcher with a pulse can handle successfully 8590 percent of the time, Papelbon will remain the $200,000 Aston Martin that never leaves the garage". That fastball along with a still very good slider (34.5% whiff rate, above-average horizontal movement) and passable changeup makes the 33-year-old a fine middle relief option. [2][17][18] They were occasionally referred to as short relievers, stoppers and closers. Do Not Sell My Personal Information. Oftentimes, the more the starting pitcher is used, the more likely an injury or fatigue will keep them out of the game long term. Closing pitchers are relief pitchers who are responsible for getting the final outs of a game, but only when their team is winning the game. On a related note, read my other article to learn more about why a low ERA is better than a high ERA in baseball. In the sections below, well dive into the reasoning behind why this table makes sense. Peter is the Co-Founder and Director of Content Strategy of Justbaseball.com and the Co-Host of the Just Baseball Show. [2][4], Closers are often the highest paid relievers on their teams, making money on par with starting pitchers. 2021 Stats: 1.23 ERA, 0.835 WHIP, 1.69 FIP, 45.5 K%, 10.7 BB%, 2.6 fWAR, 34 Saves. I'm the owner of Baseball Training World. ERAs are usually lower for relief pitchers than for starting pitchers. His inconsistency is what drops him on this list. 4.00: In some parts of baseball history, where the balls are flying all over place, an ERA of 4.00 isnt terrible, but for the most part, 4.00 is sort of a magic number when it comes to ERA. The formula for calculating ERA is: (total number of earned runs allowed total number of innings pitched) x 9. [36] Similarly in Games 3 and 6 of the 2010 ALCS, each where the New York Yankees were trailing by two runs during a crucial inning, manager Joe Girardi did not go to Mariano Rivera, and both times the chosen relief pitcher gave up several runs which put the game out of reach for the Yankees; ESPN's Matthew Wallace lamented that "Girardi used Rivera in the ninth inning of Game 6, with the Yankees trailing 61, their ship long sailed to sea". Joe Gallina highlights the late-round relief pitchers and MLB closers that should be on your radar heading into your 2023 fantasy baseball drafts. Hes competing for a rotation spot. And in order to better understand these numbers, it helps to know how to calculate a pitchers ERA. A closer is generally a team's best reliever and designated to pitch the last few outs of games when his team is leading by a margin of three runs or fewer. [28] He noted that managers' usage of closers can "abuse the pitching save to favor the closer. I recently purchased a Lizard Skin bat grip so I could How to Throw the Perfect Soft Toss Every Time. An ERA between 4.00 and 5.00 is average; the majority of pitchers have an ERA in this range. An earned run is any run that is charged against a pitchers ERA. While ending a season with an ERA somewhere between 3.00 and 4.00 doesnt usually result in a Cy Young award, it does mean the pitcher had a pretty good season. "[19] Baseball announcer Chris Wheeler noted that there is pressure on managers to pitch closers in the ninth inning when they were paid big money to pitch in that role. You come at the king; you miss all the time. His breakout season in 2020 was otherworldly. It paints a good overall picture. Last year was his breakout campaign, proving that he was not a fluke. The idea of a dominant relief pitcher began to take hold in the 1960s and 1970s and, as such, the quality of relief pitchers improved. An ERA's result is calculated by the following formula: (Total number of allowed earned runs: the total number of pitched innings) x by 9. Here are some of the more common watermarks in ERA: (Note: We've mixed in some single season numbers with career numbers), Under 1.00: Only seen rarely, either with a pitcher with a scant number of innings pitched or a relief pitcher having a phenomenal year. Matt Brash (SP/RP SEA): 440.0 ADP & 438.0 ECR. An ERA between 3.00 and 4.00 is above-average. An ERA between 4.00 and 5.00 is average; the majority of pitchers have an ERA in this range. Stats: 601 saves, 2.87 ERA, 1.058 WHIP, 3.69 K:BB, 141 ERA+. Fingers was the only pitcher who pitched at least three innings in more than 10 percent of his saves. And if they did poorly, they might be sent back down to the Minor Leagues. In 2018, Treinen was at peak dominance. In 2021, he was 28% sinker and 30% cutter. SIERA is on a similar scale to ERA, so any score that is a good ERA is also a good SIERA. Read more about what is a good ERA for a closer. [16] The firemen came in whenever leads were in jeopardy, usually with men on base, and regardless of the inning and often pitching two or three innings while finishing the game. Hall of Fame pitcher Red Ruffing had a career pitching WAR of 55.4, which is on the low end of starting pitchers enshrined in Cooperstown, although certainly not the lowest. He threw 27 innings and allowed only a single earned run, while striking out two batters in every inning. The increased importance of relievers has created an environment where it is imperative that teams build bullpens capable of pitching multiple innings on any given night. You don't currently have any notifications. When hes off, hes frankly unpitchable. That final figure will be his earned run average. Hiller posted less than a 2.65 ERA during nine of the 15 . An ERA between 2.00 and 4.00 is considered good for high school pitchers. 2021 Stats: 3.36 ERA, 1.314 WHIP, 3.99 FIP, 39.9 K%, 15.6 BB%, 0.6 fWAR, 30 Saves. But this is a sport that revolves around runs--not hits or walks. Read my article on the 3 steps to calculating a pitchers ERA to learn more. A save opportunity occurs every time a relief pitcher either records a save or a blown save. Over a 10-year period, the average ERA of an MLB relief pitcher was 3.97. An ERA above 5.00 is generally considered below average, and a pitcher with an ERA above 6.00 for a prolonged period of time is usually in danger of demotion to the bullpen or a lower league. I live in Denver, Colorado and I enjoy playing baseball on two different adult baseball teams in the surrounding area. An ERA is a statistic used in baseball to show a relief pitchers proficiency at keeping the opposing team from scoring runs. All factors considered, each run scored while a reliever pitches accounts for approximately one-third of his earned run average (ERA). The turbo sinker! [32] Former general manager Pat Gillick said closers become one-inning pitchers as managers began copying the practice of having setup pitchers enter before closers. Jordan Hicks (SP/RP STL): 566.0 ADP & 556.7 ECR. 2.00 - 2.50: This is regarded as the universal benchmark of an excellent ERA, and pitchers with this mark are seen as top pitchers in leagues. For more from Josh, check out his archive and follow him @BChad50. [9] Sutter was the first pitcher to start the ninth inning in 20 percent of his career appearances. 2021 Stats: 2.57 ERA, 0.929 WHIP, 2.83 FIP, 37.7 K%, 4.4 BB%, 2.0 fWAR, 34 Saves. Beeks was used as more of a traditional reliever, and his velocity exploded. There are more exciting arms in the Cardinals bullpen with Hicks, Cabrera, Helsley, and the healthy Reyes, but Gallegos has been the most consistent and the best. [12], Tony La Russa while with the Oakland Athletics is frequently named as the innovator of the position, making Dennis Eckersley the first player to be used almost exclusively in ninth inning situations. In a season full of disappointment, Jaime Barria was a bright spot. Some batters really struggle with hitting the ball when it is pitched by a left-handed pitcher, so the manager will put in a relief pitcher that is left-handed to improve their defense. Ive installed plenty of bat grips on previous bats Ive owned, but I never had that much experience installing a Lizard Skin bat grip. An ERA above 5.00 is generally considered below-average, and a pitcher with an ERA above 6.00 for a prolonged period of time is usually in danger of demotion to the bullpen or a lower league. Jordan Freaking Romano has been elite since the start of 2020. An ERA is calculated by taking nine and multiplying it by how many runs are scored divided by the number of innings a pitcher played. With the proliferation of new statistics and advanced analytics, relief pitchers have become an even more critical part of a teams success. CREDIT CARD FROM THE COMFORT OF YOUR OWN HOME AT BOVADA, What constitutes a good ERA can differ. Rarely does a closer enter with his team losing or in a tie game. Additionally, Josh Haders struggles last year for the Brewers before they traded him to the Padres was a cautionary tale of the volatility for even elite closers. According to FanGraphs, Houck had a 2.70 ERA, 3.28 SIERA, 1.13 WHIP, 8.4 BB%, 24.2 K%, 29.8 CSW%, four wins, one hold and eight saves. Oct 25, 2017. "[29], La Russa says it is important that relievers know their roles and the situations which they will be called into a game. One-year, $16 million for a 34-year-old Jansen felt a bit steep, but this is a career 2.41 ERA guy that is second among active pitchers in career saves. Mahle had a unique path to success in Cincinnati, as he is one of the few flyball pitchers to see legitimate success in Great American Ballpark. Relief pitchers with a high strand rates help the departing starters' ERA. Baseball is a classic sport that is reminiscent of American pride. Now, a pitcher's ERA doesn't tell the entire . [11], As late as 1989, a team's ace reliever was called a fireman,[16] coming to the rescue to "put out the fire", baseball terminology for stopping an offensive rally with runners on base. One-run leads after eight innings have been won roughly 85 percent of the time, two-run leads 94 percent of the time, and three-run leads about 96 percent of the time. He was primarily used as a long reliever and had a 2.61 ERA in 35 appearances and 79.1 innings pitched. Pitchers are expressly eligible for the MVP Award, therefore they should be allowed to win it. It might not tell the whole story, but it tells a big part of it. Hes got a career 2.25 ERA, 15.4 K/9, and he strikes out 4.5 hitters per every one walk he gives up. As it turns out, relief pitchers fit this profile very well. ERA formula. He was fantastic in 2021, putting up a career-high in strikeout rate, holding a 2.54 ERA, and leading the league in saves. Before the 1990s, pitchers in similar roles were referred to as a fireman, short reliever, and stopper.A small number of closers have won the Cy . 1312 17th Street # 1623 For example: (1) With two out and Peter pitching, Abel reaches first base on a base on balls. The pitchers were then coded to indicate the number of HPG and WPG they allowed. MLB relief pitchers have an average ERA of 3.97 while MLB starting pitchers have an average ERA of 4.22 during the same time frame. He's also ninth all-time in saves and should climb up the list in the next few years. Additionally, the standard deviation is 0.734 runs, meaning that on average relief pitchers' ERAs tend to differ from the average FIP - ERA of 0.253 by 0.734 runs. JONATHAN LOISIGA, NEW YORK YANKEES (AGE: 28, PREVIOUS RANK: 43) The normally solid Yankees middle reliever had an uncharacteristically bad season on the surface; his K rate was a career-worst 6.94 with a high walk rate 3.56/9 en route to a 4.13 ERA over 48 innings in 2022. He throws in the mid-upper 90s, and the knuckle curve is disgusting. [6][9] While relievers such as Rollie Fingers and Goose Gossage were already being used mostly in save situations, Franks's use of Sutter represented an incremental change. A starting pitcher gets the team going, but a relief pitcher keeps the team going. If a runner scores by way of a fielders choice (where he could have been put out), it will not be counted as an earned run. An explanation of precisely how the data were grouped, as well as detailed notes of the experiment, can be obtained from the author. 2021 Stats: 1.29 ERA, 0.962 WHIP, 2.11 FIP, 26.5 K%, 5.7 BB%, 2.2 fWAR, 24 Saves. Beyond our fantasy baseball content, be sure to check out our award-winning slate of Fantasy Baseball Tools as you prepare for your draft this season. From our free mock Draft Simulator which allows you to mock draft against realistic opponents to our Draft Assistant which optimizes your picks with expert advice weve got you covered this fantasy baseball draft season. A relief pitchers earned run average is an important statistic that can tell us whether or not he has been effective in the games he has pitched in so far during his career. He posted a 3.04 ERA for the Orioles last year, mostly as a starter, after they claimed him on waivers from the Washington Nationals, for whom he had a 10.13 ERA in 19 relief appearances. Brash is prepping to relieve for the Mariners again this season. [43], * Won both the league Cy Young Award and league Most Valuable Player Award in the same year. In baseball, a good ERA is between 3.00 and 4.00, with the average ERA for pitchers being slightly above 4.00. There are leagues of youth players who are just learning the sport and lots of adults who have devoted and crafted themselves into being the best of the best. [10] Using the save leader from each team in the league, the average closer made his appearances in the beginning of the ninth inning 10 percent of the time in the 1970s to almost .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}23 of the time by 2004. ERA stands for earned run average, which is an unofficial Major League Baseball (MLB) statistic that measures a pitcher's effectiveness at giving up runs, per nine innings, in a specific baseball game. There are 45 cells giving reliable information, and in all 45 the relief pitchers have better ERA's than starters of comparable ability, as measured by statistics not affected by pitching in relief.

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