The 30 Years’ War, which took place in the first half of the 17th century, is one of the most devastating wars in European history. Adding to this, France got in on the action by financially backing Denmark. Although this seems like a happy ending for Protestantism within the Empire and Germany, it came at a very high price. The Parliamentarian conquest of Ireland ground on for another four years until 1653, when the last Irish Confederate and Royalist troops surrendered. A Spaniard had ceased to be human in their eyes. The last straw was the installation of a Catholic reeve at Baden, and Zürich declared war on 8 June (First War of Kappel), occupied the Thurgau and the territories of the Abbey of St. Gall, and marched to Kappel at the border to Zug. In January, 1568, 84 people were executed from Valenciennes alone. [1] Others emphasise the fact that cross-religious alliances existed, such as the Lutheran duke Maurice of Saxony assisting the Catholic emperor Charles V in the first Schmalkaldic War in 1547 in order to become the Saxon elector instead of John Frederick, his Lutheran cousin, while the Catholic king Henry II of France supported the Lutheran cause in the Second Schmalkaldic War in 1552 to secure French bases in modern-day Lorraine. As Henry III had no son, under Salic Law, the next heir to the throne was the Calvinist Prince Henry of Navarre. Hundreds of besiegers were scalded or choked to death when boiling water was poured into the tunnels or fires were lit to fill them with smoke. For the final stage of the revolution, Maitland appealed to Scottish patriotism to fight French domination. Its members eventually intended the League to replace the Holy Roman Empire itself,[25] and each state was to provide 10,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalries for mutual defense. On March 1, however, a faction of the Guise family's retainers attacked an illegal Calvinist service in Wassy-sur-Blaise in Champagne. Margaret interceded but the atrocities continued. Starting as a revolt against feudal oppression, the peasants' uprising became a war against all constituted authorities, and an attempt to establish by force an ideal Christian commonwealth. In 1656, tensions between Protestants and Catholics re-emerged and led to the outbreak of the First War of Villmergen. However, religion was only one of the causes, which also included revolts, territorial ambitions, and Great Power conflicts. The turning-point came in the late summer and early autumn of 1643, when the Earl of Essex's army forced the king to raise the siege of Gloucester and then brushed the Royalist army aside at the First Battle of Newbury on 20 September 1643. The Elector of Saxony, the Landgrave of Hesse, and other North German princes not only protected Luther from retaliation from the edict of outlawry issued by the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, but also used state power to enforce the establishment of Lutheran worship in their lands, in what is called the Magisterial Reformation. In Denmark this increased royal revenues by 300%. Although the all-consuming power of the Hapsburg Dynasty was curtailed, it would take Germany generations to recover from the 30 Years' War. France, although always ruled by a Catholic monarch, had played a major part in supporting the Protestants in Germany and the Netherlands against their dynastic rivals, the Habsburgs. King Charles I decided to send an expeditionary force to relieve the French Huguenots whom Royal French forces held besieged in La Rochelle. The wars of religion in Ireland took place in the context of a country that had already rebelled frequently against English rule in the previous decades. This period was also known for the Inquisition. One band of marauders even styled themselves as "Werewolves". Fiery Calvinist preacher John Knox returned to Scotland in 1560, having been exiled for his part in the assassination of Cardinal Beaton. In January, 1579, a group of Catholic nobles formed a League for the protection of their religion and property. In Spain, the kings used the Inquisition to torture and burn Protestants. At the church of St John the Baptist, Knox preached a fiery sermon that provoked an iconoclastic riot. The Austrian House of Habsburg, who remained Catholic, was a major European power in its own right, ruling over some eight million subjects in present-day Germany, Austria, Bohemia and Hungary. His father, Alva, threatened to disown him if he stopped the siege, so the barbarities intensified. They trampled consecrated hosts, butchered men and violated women. they could often simultaneously be characterised as wars of succession), and financial interests. No distinction was made between Catholic or Protestant. The Guises then proposed a settlement with a cipher as heir and demanded a meeting of the Estates-General, which was to be held in Blois. The preaching of Martin Luther and his many followers raised tensions across Europe. The political conflicts thus engendered within the Empire led almost inevitably to war. | {{course.flashcardSetCount}} For example, by the end of the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), Catholic France was allied with the Protestant forces against the Catholic Habsburg monarchy. Christian, however, was forced to retire before the combined forces of Imperial generals Albrecht von Wallenstein and Tilly. The wars listed were the most severe in casualties; the remaining religious conflicts in Europe lasted for only a few years, a year, or less and/or were much less violent. They were aided by the remaining German Protestants. [26] Sweden and Finland lost, by one calculation, 110,000 dead from all causes. Two new forces emerged to oppose Spain. Farnese soon regained nearly all the Southern provinces for Spain. Log in or sign up to add this lesson to a Custom Course. An error occurred trying to load this video. The Catholic cantons in response had formed an alliance with Ferdinand of Austria. [32][full citation needed] After the Duke was killed in action, he was succeeded by the Count of Mansfeld and the Dutch William of Orange and his brothers Louis and Henry. The Thirty Years' War was fought between 1618 and 1648, principally on the territory of today's Germany, and involved most of the major European powers. Increasingly threatened by the armies of the English Parliament after Charles I's arrest in 1648, the Confederates signed a treaty of alliance with the English Royalists. The leadership of the Catholic League had devolved to the Duke de Mayenne, who was appointed Lieutenant-General of the kingdom.

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