[78] Under this arrangement, Norway kept its liberal constitution and its own independent institutions, though it shared a common monarch and common foreign policy with Sweden. Presidential Address: The Scandinavian Colonies in England and Normandy. Norway has been considered a progressive country, which has adopted legislation and policies to support women's rights, minority rights, and LGBT rights. [293] There are about 10 Grandmasters and 29 International Masters in Norway. Accordingly, the Monarch is commander-in-chief of the Norwegian Armed Forces, and serves as chief diplomatic official abroad and as a symbol of unity. They represent game such as deer, reindeer, elk, bears, birds, seals, whales, and fish (especially salmon and halibut), all of which were vital to the way of life of the coastal peoples. The government, led by prime minister Einar Gerhardsen, embarked on a program inspired by Keynesian economics, emphasising state financed industrialisation and co-operation between trade unions and employers' organisations. Romani or Romany (native name: romani ćhib) is the language of the Roma and Sinti, once spoken in the Indo-Greek Kingdom . Large reserves of petroleum and natural gas were discovered in the 1960s, which led to a boom in the economy. The Travellers in Sweden and Norway speak a form of the Romani language referred to as Scandoromani. Norway leads the overall medal tables at the Winter Olympic Games by a considerable margin. 1991. Bokmål is the written language used by a large majority of about 80–85%. Much of the nature of Norway remains unspoiled, and thus attracts numerous hikers and skiers. About 70.6% of Norwegians were members of the Church of Norway in 2017. The first oil was discovered at the small Balder field in 1967, production only began in 1999. Life in Norway (especially economic life) was "dominated by the aristocracy of professional men who filled most of the important posts in the central government". Lefse is a Norwegian potato flatbread, usually topped with large amounts of butter and sugar, most common around Christmas. [158] According to the CIA World Factbook, Norway is a net external creditor of debt. The language has several dialects spoken in various parts of the country. [30][31], There is some disagreement about whether the native name of Norway originally had the same etymology as the English form. [231] 17% of newborn children were born to immigrant parents. Over the centuries, the language borrowed vocabulary from Slavic languages, Hungarian, Turkic, French, and Italian. Because of Norway's high latitude, there are large seasonal variations in daylight. [91] In 1969, the Phillips Petroleum Company discovered petroleum resources at the Ekofisk field west of Norway. Many remain in the church to participate in the community and practices such as baptism, confirmation, marriage and burial rites. Writers such as the following also made important contributions: Dag Solstad, Jon Fosse, Cora Sandel, Olav Duun, Olav H. Hauge, Gunvor Hofmo, Stein Mehren, Kjell Askildsen, Hans Herbjørnsrud, Aksel Sandemose, Bergljot Hobæk Haff, Jostein Gaarder, Erik Fosnes Hansen, Jens Bjørneboe, Kjartan Fløgstad, Lars Saabye Christensen, Johan Borgen, Herbjørg Wassmo, Jan Erik Vold, Rolf Jacobsen, Olaf Bull, Jan Kjærstad, Georg Johannesen, Tarjei Vesaas, Sigurd Hoel, Arnulf Øverland, Karl Ove Knausgård and Johan Falkberget. The Parliament can pass a law by simple majority of the 169 representatives, who are elected on the basis of proportional representation from 19 constituencies for four-year terms. For more than four-fifths of schoolchildren, Bokmål is the main language in local schools, and it is the principal language of commerce and communications. The only exception is the Norwegian Police Security Agency, whose head answers directly to the Ministry of Justice and the Police. Languages: This entry provides a listing of languages spoken in each country and specifies any that are official national or regional languages. Around 1975, both the proportion and absolute number of workers in industry peaked. [84] Thus, even while revolution swept over most of the countries of Europe in 1848, Norway was largely unaffected by revolts that year. Norwegian merchant marine ships, often with Norwegian sailors still on board, were then sailing under the British flag and at risk of being sunk by German submarines. Norwegian. The language has developed and … The Archdiocese of Nidaros was created in 1152 and attempted to control the appointment of kings. In the southern part of the country are dwelling sites dating from about 5,000 BC. [62], Margaret pursued a centralising policy which inevitably favoured Denmark, because it had a greater population than Norway and Sweden combined. [citation needed], These states were based on either clans or tribes (e.g., the Horder of Hordaland in western Norway). One of the most striking modern buildings in Norway is the Sámi Parliament in Kárášjohka, designed by Stein Halvorson and Christian Sundby. There was one revolt under Knut Alvsson in 1502. [176] Both oil fields are located in the Barents Sea. [276] Norway has been greatly criticised by the international community for the politics of Norwegianization of and discrimination against the indigenous population of the country. This is reflected in the relatively steady employment in the building and construction industry. With Norway's conversion to Christianity some 1,000 years ago, churches were built. Another national minority are the Kven people, descendants of Finnish-speaking people who migrated to northern Norway from the 18th up to the 20th century. After a long feud, mostly urban-rural in makeup, the forms received equal status under the terms Bokmål (“Book Language”) and Nynorsk (New Norwegian), respectively. Romanian language, Romance language spoken mainly in Romania and Moldova. Finnish, Kven. Longyearbyen is the driest place in Norway with 190 millimetres (7.5 inches). [136], Members of the Storting are directly elected from party-lists proportional representation in nineteen plural-member constituencies in a national multi-party system. In 1990, the Norwegian constitution was amended to grant absolute primogeniture to the Norwegian throne, meaning that the eldest child, regardless of gender, takes precedence in the line of succession. In regard to LGBT rights, Norway was the first country in the world to enact an anti-discrimination law protecting the rights of gays and lesbians. The Baháʼí Faith religion has slightly more than 1,000 adherents. While yearly net immigration in 2001–2005 was on average 13,613, it increased to 37,541 between 2006 and 2010, and in 2011 net immigration reached 47,032. [188] Under discussion is development of a new high-speed rail system between the nation's largest cities. This continues today in the performing arts and as a result of government support for exhibitions, cultural projects and artwork.[272]. [59], In 1349, the Black Death spread to Norway and had within a year killed a third of the population. The ultimate responsibility for the education lies with the Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research. In recent years the church has been granted increasing internal autonomy, but it retains its special constitutional status and other special ties to the state, and the constitution requires that the reigning monarch must be a member and states that the country's values are based on its Christian and humanist heritage. 10 Most Beautiful Places in Norway. The troubles in Punjab after Operation Blue Star and riots committed against Sikhs in India after the assassination of Indira Gandhi led to an increase in Sikh refugees moving to Norway. The formally recognized minority languages spoken in Sweden include Finnish, Meänkieli, Yiddish, Sami, and Romani. Romani (/ ˈ r ɒ m ə n i, ˈ r oʊ-/; also Romany; Romani: rromani ćhib) is an Indo-Aryan macrolanguage of the Romani communities. The Norwegian farm culture continues to play a role in contemporary Norwegian culture. Solberg said her win was "a historic election victory for the right-wing parties".[145]. Haakon the Good was Norway's first Christian king, in the mid-10th century, though his attempt to introduce the religion was rejected. Trondheim, the third largest city in Norway and for long periods the national capital, dominates Trøndelag. 1966–2011", "Population and quarterly changes, Q4 2012", "Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents, 1 January 2012", "Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents, by country background. Students who are children of immigrant parents are encouraged to learn the Norwegian language. Norway–Romania relations are foreign relations between Norway and Romania.Both countries established diplomatic relations on April 3, 1917. Both are used in public administration, schools, churches, and media. In 2011, 16% of newborn children were of immigrant background. [45] The earliest traces of human occupation in Norway are found along the coast, where the huge ice shelf of the last ice age first melted between 11,000 and 8,000 BC. In Finland, approximately 4.9 million people speak Finnish as theirfirst language, and more than 0.5 million people speak it as a second language.Finnish is also spoken in Sweden, Norway, Eastern Karelia and Ingria (inRussia), and even in the USA and Australia. Romanian language, Romance language spoken mainly in Romania and Moldova. Since the 1990s, the film industry has thrived, producing up to 20 feature films each year. King Haakon and the Norwegian government escaped to Rotherhithe in London. 3/2005", "The Nobel Prize in Physiologi or Medicine 2014", "The evolution of Norwegian architecture", "Carlsen er verdensmester – Jeg er lykkelig og lettet", "Bandy destined for the Olympic Winter Games! Largely as a result of a significant increase in the proportion of the population over age 80, the population of Norway continued to grow slowly but steadily at the end of the 20th century. It is a North Germanic language and quite similar to its sister Scandinavian languages, Danish and Norwegian, with which it maintains partial mutual intelligibility and forms a dialect continuum.A number of regional Swedish dialects are spoken across the county. The Sámi people have for centuries been the subject of discrimination and abuse by the dominant cultures in Scandinavia and Russia, those countries claiming possession of Sámi lands. [165] The hourly productivity levels, as well as average hourly wages in Norway, are among the highest in the world.[166][167]. However, due to less need for conscripts after the Cold War ended with the break-up of the Soviet Union, few people have to serve if they are not motivated. 10 Commandos. More recently, bands such as Enslaved, Kvelertak, Dimmu Borgir and Satyricon have evolved the genre into the present day while still garnering worldwide fans. Norway maintains the Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system, and its values are rooted in egalitarian ideals. Since then labour-intensive industries and services like factory mass production and shipping have largely been outsourced. [225], Particularly in the 19th century, when economic conditions were difficult in Norway, tens of thousands of people migrated to the United States and Canada, where they could work and buy land in frontier areas. Norwegian armed forces in the north launched an offensive against the German forces in the Battles of Narvik, until they were forced to surrender on 10 June after losing British support which had been diverted to France during the German invasion of France. Russian, Japanese, Italian, Latin, and rarely Chinese (Mandarin) are offered in some schools, mostly in the cities. Swedish is the official language of Sweden and is spoken by the vast majority of the 10 million inhabitants of the country. At the same time, a movement to make Magnus King of Sweden proved successful, and both the kings of Sweden and of Denmark were elected to the throne by their respective nobles, Thus, with his election to the throne of Sweden, both Sweden and Norway were united under King Magnus VII. Norwegian culture blossomed with nationalist efforts to achieve an independent identity in the areas of literature, art and music. All government bills need the formal approval by the monarch before and after introduction to Parliament. German was the most important foreign language of Sweden prior to the … Over the centuries, the language borrowed vocabulary from Slavic languages, Hungarian, Turkic, French, and Italian. The movement covered all branches of culture, including literature (Henrik Wergeland [1808–1845], Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson [1832–1910], Peter Christen Asbjørnsen [1812–1845], Jørgen Moe [1813–1882]), painting (Hans Gude [1825–1903], Adolph Tidemand [1814–1876]), music (Edvard Grieg [1843–1907]), and even language policy, where attempts to define a native written language for Norway led to today's two official written forms for Norwegian: Bokmål and Nynorsk. Romany languages, Romany also spelled Romani, also called řomani čhib (“Romany tongue”), řomanes (“in a Rom way”), or Gypsy (Gipsy), group of 60 or more highly divergent dialects that are genetically related to the Indo-Aryan (Indic) languages. In 2014, the two Norwegian scientists May-Britt Moser and Edvard Moser won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with John O'Keefe. Bokmål (UK: / ˈ b uː k m ɔː l /, US: / ˈ b ʊ k-, ˈ b oʊ k-/; literally "book tongue") is an official written standard for the Norwegian language, alongside Nynorsk.Bokmål is the preferred written standard of Norwegian for 85% to 90% of the population in Norway.Unlike, for instance, the Italian language, there is no nationwide standard or agreement on the pronunciation of Bokmål. Members of religious and life stance communities outside the Church of Norway, by religion/life stance. The only official language of the country is Romanian. Some supporters have also advocated making Norwegian Sign Language an official language … Coastal fauna provided a means of livelihood for fishermen and hunters, who may have made their way along the southern coast about 10,000 BC when the interior was still covered with ice. Norway has an embassy in Bucharest and an honorary consulate in Constanţa. [102] The Scandinavian Mountains form much of the border with Sweden. In the 2010s Norway’s small but varied population of foreign nationals (most of whom lived in urban areas) increased significantly, primarily as a result of the influx of migrants seeking to escape turmoil in Africa and the Middle East (especially the Syrian Civil War). Issue No. During the first four centuries AD, the people of Norway were in contact with Roman-occupied Gaul. This article is about the European country. [184] It is the largest sovereign wealth fund in the world. From 2006 to 2011, the fastest-growing religious communities in Norway were Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Oriental Orthodox Christianity, which grew in membership by 80%; however, their share of the total population remains small, at 0.2%. Initial visibility: currently defaults to autocollapse To set this template's initial visibility, the |state= parameter may be used: |state=collapsed: {{Languages of Norway|state=collapsed}} to show the template collapsed, i.e., hidden apart from its title bar |state=expanded: {{Languages of Norway|state=expanded}} to show the template expanded, i.e., fully visible After Sweden broke out of the Kalmar Union in 1521, Norway tried to follow suit,[citation needed] but the subsequent rebellion was defeated, and Norway remained in a union with Denmark until 1814, a total of 434 years. Nonetheless, they account for more than two-fifths of the private industrial labour force. [103] Norway has about 400,000 lakes. In contrast to Norway, Sweden had substantially higher actual and projected unemployment numbers as a result of the recession. By the end of the 11th century, when Norway had been Christianised, the indigenous Norse religion and practices were prohibited. At its earliest stages, Uralic most probably included the ancestors of the Yukaghir language. [179][180], Hydroelectric plants generate roughly 98–99% of Norway's electric power, more than any other country in the world. Box 400, FI-00121 Helsinki, Finland | Tel. Since the 1990s, Norway's export of black metal, a lo-fi, dark and raw form of heavy metal, has been developed by such bands as Emperor, Darkthrone, Gorgoroth, Mayhem, Burzum and Immortal. The country is richly endowed with natural resources including petroleum, hydropower, fish, forests, and minerals. Little has been found dating from the early Iron Age (the last 500 years BC). The country declared its intention at the UN Climate Summit in 2014, alongside Great Britain and Germany. In general, the legal and institutional framework in Norway is characterised by a high degree of transparency, accountability and integrity, and the perception and the occurrence of corruption are very low. Annankatu 18, P.O. However, Norway, together with Iceland and Liechtenstein, participates in the European Union's single market through the European Economic Area (EEA) agreement. 3. [143], Since 2005, both the Conservative Party and the Progress Party have won numerous seats in the Parliament, but not sufficient in the 2009 general election to overthrow the coalition. The mountain ranges have subarctic and tundra climates. Norway has only two spoken languages = Norwegian and Sami. Norway first participated at the Olympic Games in 1900, and has sent athletes to compete in every Games since then, except for the sparsely attended 1904 Games and the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow when they participated in the American-led boycott. Large parts of Norway are covered by mountains and high altitude plateaus, many of which also exhibit the tundra/alpine/polar climate (ET). These include Spanish, Russian, Italian, Chinese, and Latin. [245] Other Christian denominations comprise less than 1% each, including 4,000 members in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and 12,000 Jehovah's Witnesses. He protected the constitution and liberties of Norway and Sweden during the age of Metternich. 35. [162] People in the labour force are either employed or looking for work. Norway has conscription (including 6–12 months of training);[155] in 2013, the country became the first in Europe and NATO to draft women as well as men. She was on the verge of achieving this goal when Olaf IV suddenly died. Norway has hosted the Games on two occasions: It also hosted the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics in Lillehammer, making Norway the first country to host both Winter regular and Youth Olympics. To the north, west and south, Norway is bordered by the Barents Sea, the Norwegian Sea, the North Sea, and Skagerrak. Arriving back in Norway in 995, Olav landed in Moster. The largest predator in Norwegian waters is the sperm whale, and the largest fish is the basking shark. Church services and participants, by diocese. [80], The Romantic Era that followed the reign of King Charles III John brought some significant social and political reforms. In 2011, 28% of state revenues were generated from the petroleum industry. Commentators have pointed to the poor co-operation between the opposition parties, including the Liberals and the Christian Democrats. Members of the Royal family are required to be members of the Lutheran church. Norway participated in the 1990s brokering of the Oslo Accords, an unsuccessful attempt to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. The 1 and only official language of Norway is Norwegian, but the following 10 languages are spoken by significant populations:. It included a memorable battle in the snow. Since the 1990s, a divisive question in politics has been how much of the income from petroleum production the government should spend, and how much it should save. Where would you travel to to see the running of the bulls? As a result of Asian immigration, there also are small groups of Muslims and Buddhists. As of 2020 approximately 980,000 individuals (18.2%) are immigrants and their descendants. Cite error: There are
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